Within class II bacteriocins, we assume the presence of a separate subfamily of antimicrobial peptides possessing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Although these peptides are structurally related to the subclass IIa (pediocin-like) bacteriocins, they have significant differences in biological activities and, probably, a mechanism of their antimicrobial action. A representative of this subfamily is acidocin A from TK9201. We discovered the similarity between acidocin A and acidocin 8912 from TK8912 when analyzing plasmids from lactic acid bacteria and suggested the presence of a single evolutionary predecessor of these peptides. We obtained the -terminally extended homolog of acidocin 8912, named acidocin 8912A, a possible intermediate form in the evolution of the former. The study of secondary structures and biological activities of these peptides showed their structural similarity to acidocin A; however, the antimicrobial activities of acidocin 8912 and acidocin 8912A were lower than that of acidocin A. In addition, these peptides demonstrated stronger cytotoxic and membranotropic effects. Building upon what we previously discovered about the immunomodulatory properties of acidocin A, we studied its proteolytic stability under conditions simulating those in the digestive tract and also assessed its ability to permeate intestinal epithelium using the Caco-2 cells monolayer model. In addition, we found a pronounced effect of acidocin A against fungi of the genus Candida, which might also expand the therapeutic potential of this bacterial antimicrobial peptide.